Communication class Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correspondence class - Movie Review Example This is fundamentally the same as the exploration directed in which connections create when two people have comparable interests or see each other all the time. Plainly, the film represents that these two characters shared a lot of practically speaking tuning in to a similar music band, setting off to a similar rec center and frequenting a similar bar. These likenesses make constructing a relationship a lot simpler as the relationship as of now has building obstructs from which it can develop. Notwithstanding, there are a few inconsistencies in the film for relationship working as appeared in the examination. The biggest error in the film for relationship advancement is a similar extreme plot struggle in which Janet was deliberately positioned in every condition she happened to get together with Sam. With this luck, Sam developed the certainty to start talking with Janet more than once and in the end ask her out on the town, which would keep going for more than one year. In any case, this kind of certainty is once in a while found and clashes with research for divorced people who normally think that its hard to make the primary move. Relationship building does happen and is likely when people have comparable interests, yet Sam was not in a situation to approach Janet because of his ongoing separation. He was just dating ladies to attempt to manage the torment and dejection he was encountering, however he truly had solid affections for her from the main second in the exercise room.

Special Occasion Speech Free Essays

Women and men of their word: I’m sorry to drag you from your delectable wine and delightful sweet. There only a couple of things I have to state as a bridesmaid. This is the second time I ever be a bridesmaid, I trust I carried out the responsibility okay last time and wish I could improve this time, in spite of the fact that I realize the previous couple were all the while discussing me when they get separated, yet I’m almost certain that got nothing to do with me or my discourse. We will compose a custom paper test on Unique Occasion Speech or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now 8 years prior, there is a young lady wearing a messy white dress sitting toward the side of my kindergarten, that’s how I met her, and today, there is a young lady wearing a marvelous wedding dress in front us, that’s the motivation behind why I am here, talking. We coexisted with one another quite simple since we are incredibly decent individuals, or perhaps I’m only somewhat more pleasant than her. We were immovably accepted that two of us going to be the most joyful couple in this world since the day we took in the word† couple† until the two of us were told same sexual orientation marriage may not be acknowledged by everybody, no like today’s wedding which isn't just honored by God yet additionally all the individuals here. 5 years back, a person who imagining extremely benevolent â€Å"kidnaped† her and never let her go, far more terrible, I’m compelled to be in this event and give everybody a discourse about how â€Å"sad† I am after my closest companion left me, at that point run into another person’s arms or bed, whatever. That was my shortcoming since I couldn’t discover any reason why they may not be legally consolidated, so I need to hold my tranquility until the end of time. I think I realize what will be occur straightaway, the pretty young lady in the wedding dress, and the attractive person in the good suit will simply like the fantasy, live respectively joyfully ever after. Along these lines, everybody, raise your glasses, to this lovable couple. Step by step instructions to refer to Special Occasion Speech, Essay models

Canadas First Past the Post System

In Canada Federal and Provincial First-Past-The-Post (FPTP) races depend on single part locale or ridings. Each riding picks one contender to choose into parliament. So as to win an up-and-comer must get the most elevated number of votes however not really most of votes. The gathering that successes the most ridings is named the official administration of Canada with the runner up party turning into the official resistance. The (FPTP) framework is otherwise called the ‘winner-take-all' framework, in which the competitor with the most votes gets chose. FPTP casting a ballot strategies can be utilized for single and different part elections.In a solitary part political race the up-and-comer with the most elevated number, not really a dominant part, of votes is chosen. This framework is utilized in Canada, UK, US, and India. Numerous Canadians are not content with the present First Past the Post framework as of now set up for choosing parliamentary authorities commonly and governm entally. I imagine that Canada’s First Past the Post parliamentary appointive framework ought to be changed in light of the fact that it favors strategic democratic; it hosts a negative impact on littler gatherings; and opens up the chance of manipulating constituencies.A new discretionary framework that is increasingly corresponding is required so as to address these issues. There are a couple of issues that emerge out of the FPTP framework. One of the most significant issues is the propensity for FPTP to support strategic democratic. Strategic democratic happens when voters cast their decisions in favor of one of the two applicants that are well on the way to win. This is done on the grounds that it is seen by the voter that their vote will be squandered if they somehow happened to decide to decide in favor of a littler gathering, which they would more like. This is a reasonable inclination by the voter in light of the fact that solitary decisions in favor of the triumphant applicant really check (Blais, 2008).The position is in some cases summarized, in an outrageous structure, as â€Å"All votes in favor of anybody other than the runner up are votes in favor of the winner†(Rosenbaum 2004), in light of the fact that by deciding in favor of different competitors, they have denied those votes to the second spot up-and-comer who could have won had they gotten them. Following the 2000 U. S. presidential political race, a few supporters of Democratic competitor Al Gore accepted he lost the amazingly close political race to Republican George W. Bramble in light of the fact that a part of the electorate (2. 7%) decided in favor of Ralph Nader of the Green Party.Exit surveys demonstrated that a greater amount of these voters would have favored Gore (45%) to Bush (27%), with the rest not casting a ballot in Nader's nonappearance (Rosenbaum 2004). The individuals, who decided in favor of Ralph Nader notwithstanding of his amazing failure to win, adequat ely decided in favor of Bush by denying Gore of their votes despite the fact that they would have favored Gore. With strategic democratic, voters, need to anticipate ahead of time who the main two competitors will be. This can mutilate results essentially. One factor that impacts strategic democratic is the Media. Considerable force is given to the media.Some voters will in general accept the media's declarations with respect to who the main contenders are probably going to be in the political decision. Indeed, even voters who doubt the media will realize that different voters do accept the media, and in this way that those applicants who get the most media consideration will presumably be the most mainstream and in this manner destined to be the best two. The media can likewise assume a significant job in convincing voters to utilize strategic democratic. This is exemplified using assault commercials in TV; radio and print media. This occurs in the UK. The framework may advance vot es against rather than votes for.In the UK, whole battles have been sorted out with the point of casting a ballot against the Conservative party by casting a ballot either Labor or Liberal Democrat. For instance, in an electorate held by the Conservatives, with the Liberal Democrats as the runner up party and the Labor Party in third, Labor supporters may be asked to decide in favor of the Liberal Democrat applicant (who has a littler shortage of votes to make up and more help in the voting public) as opposed to their own competitor, on the premise that Labor supporters would lean toward a MP from a contending left/liberal gathering to a Conservative one (Drogus 2008).The media holds a significant job in educating and affecting general society about political up-and-comers. This makes the FPTP framework transform into run-off democratic, which is a two round democratic framework where voters choose two trailblazers for the electorate and select one to be victor. The â€Å"first rou nd† of the political decision is done inside the court of general conclusion, the â€Å"second round† occurs with the official political race. This can be found in the case of the 1997 Winchester by-political race: â€Å"Gerry Malone the previous Conservative MP who had lost his seat in the general political race, was reprimanded as a â€Å"poor loser† by the media.The Labor Party acquired their most exceedingly terrible ever brings about a parliamentary political decision, partially in light of the fact that they barely crusaded at all and rather centered their needs around the by-political race in Beckenham hung around the same time. It is assumed that the vast majority of the Labor supporters chose to cast a ballot Liberal Democrat realizing that they were so improbable to win. † (Farrell 1998). The Labor Party voters utilized their votes strategically in light of the fact that they knew they couldn’t win and were killed by the Conservative compe titors negative picture in the press.Another significant explanation that Canada should choose an alternate political race framework is that the FPTP framework hosts an enormous effect on littler gatherings. As indicated by Political Scientist Maurice Duverger’s Law, given enough time FPTP frameworks will in the long run become a two gathering framework (Duverger 1972). The FPTP framework just gives the victor in each area a seat, a gathering that reliably comes third in each locale won't increase any seats in the governing body, regardless of whether it gets a huge extent of the vote.This puts a substantial strain on parties that are extend topographically far, for example, the Green party of Canada who got roughly 5% of the well known vote from 2004-2011, yet had just won a solitary riding during that time (Elections Canada). The subsequent issue confronting littler gatherings in FPTP frameworks is identified with strategic democratic. Duverger proposed a political race whe rein 100,000 moderate voters and 80,000 radical voters are deciding in favor of a solitary official.If two moderate gatherings ran applicants and one radical competitor were to run, the extreme up-and-comer would win except if one of the moderate up-and-comers assembled less than 20,000 votes. Watching this, moderate voters would be bound to decide in favor of the up-and-comer destined to acquire votes, with the objective of vanquishing the extreme applicant. Either the two gatherings must consolidation, or one moderate gathering must fall flat, as the voters incline toward the two in number gatherings, a pattern Duverger called polarization (Duverger 1972).Smaller gatherings will never have a decent measure of portrayal in relation to their size. FPTP will in general decrease the quantity of practical ideological groups to a more prominent degree than different strategies. This makes it almost certain that a solitary gathering will hold a greater part of authoritative seats. Canada has had 33 larger part governments out of 41 races (Parliament of Canada) FPTP's propensity toward less gatherings and progressively visit one-party rule can conceivably create an administration that may not think about a wide a scope of points of view and concerns.It is altogether conceivable that a voter will locate that both significant gatherings concede to a specific issue. For this situation, the voter won't have any significant method of communicating a disagreeing sentiment through their vote. These voters should turn to strategic democratic and decision in favor of an applicant that they for the most part can't help contradicting so as to restrict a competitor they can't help contradicting considerably more. This is a trade off that the voter ought not need to make so as to communicate them selves strategically. The third issue with the FPTP framework is that it is particularly defenseless against gerrymandering.Gerrymandering is the way toward setting appointive locale so as to build up a political preferred position for a specific gathering or gathering by controlling geographic limits to make fanatic or occupant ensured areas. The subsequent area is known as a manipulate (Martis 2008). This procedure is extremely disputable in Canada and is seen adversely when endeavored. Governments in capacity to set their predominance at the administrative and common level can utilize manipulating to build voters in a riding where they don't have the same number of voters, giving them an out of line advantage upon re-election.The instances of manipulating and its belongings can be found in Canada today. The present administrative discretionary locale limits in Saskatchewan have been marked as proof of manipulating, The territory's two significant urban areas, Saskatoon and Regina, are both â€Å"cracked† into four regions every, when the populaces of the urban areas appropriate would legitimize around three and more than two of all-urban (or for the most part urban) regions individually; the guide rather bunches portions of the New Democratic Party-accommodating urban communities with enormous Conservative-inclining country regions (Elections Canada)In 2006, a discussion emerged on Prince Edward Island over the commonplace government's choice to toss out a constituent guide drawn by an autonomous commission. Rather the administration made two new maps. The administration received the second of these, structured by the council of the administering party. Resistance groups and the media assaulted Premier Pat Binns for what they saw as manipulating of regions. In addition to other things, the administration embraced a guide that guaranteed that each present Member of the Legislative Assembly from the head's gathering had a region to run in for re-appointment, though in the first guide, a few had been redistricted.Despite this, in the 2007 common political race just 7 of 20 officeholder Members of the Legislative Assembly were reappoin ted and the legislature was crushed. Pat Binnsâ

Top five job search tips for people over 65 - The Job Network

Top five pursuit of employment tips for individuals more than 65 - The Job Network Children of post war America have driven the economy for quite a long time. The most youthful of the age are quite recently turning 55 (a long-lasting â€Å"dream† age for early retirement), while a significant part of the age have just arrived at retirement age. Indeed, there are around 10,000 Baby Boomers resigning each day. In any case, in the event that you are among the a considerable lot of this age who intend to keep working, even past 65, there are not many straightforward tips that can assist you with finding a position directly for you. 5 methodologies to land your next job1. Lift your tech awarenessEvery age turns out to be progressively more technically knowledgeable. While you may not be a â€Å"Insta Story† master, or the perfect contender for an organization’s online life master, being modern on the kinds of innovation normally utilized in the work environment of the association you’re applying for is important.If you’re leaving on an other field, enroll in a class to study another PC programming program. In any event, chipping in your field of intrigue initially can assist you with getting a feeling of what range of abilities is required for the activity. These activities can help impart your eagerness to learn and adjust to new work circumstances. Ensuring you have the rudiments down can show you’ll have the option to work close by individuals who were raised on smartphones.2. Focus on your qualificationsMost Boomers will have a long work history, which means experience you can bring to another position. Be that as it may, you need to have the option to focus on the key characteristics and ranges of abilities that are ideal for the vacant position you want to get. Successfully, you’re not giving your questioner a total outline of your complete work understanding or in any event, featuring the activity you remained in the longest. You need to give your questioner an emphasis on explicit experience that will assist you with playing out the activity. Come to an obvious conclusion for them. Along these lines, you help your questioner filter through your long work history and show your actual enthusiasm for the vacant position-and information on its required skills.3. Convey your adaptabilityBeing overqualified can have its disadvantages. Employing supervisors may accept you anticipate more cash or expect you may as of now have a set method of getting things done. Situating yourself as adaptable is vital. While you may not be a clear record that another business can help shape (or naã ¯ve about pay exchanges), you should feature your readiness to discover better approaches for getting things done and enhancing your proven practices.4. Know about generational differencesIf you’ve been working all through your grown-up life, you’ve presumably observed changes at work between the twentieth and 21st century. Ensure your resume is refreshed both in new, current encounte rs and in the language you use to portray past work. While you don’t need to go over the edge the other way trying to show up progressively energetic, you ought to be set up to manage a more youthful age in places of intensity. While age and astuteness go together, you need to stay respectful particularly to the employing manager.5. Wow the interviewerAgeism in the working environment is genuine (and illegal) however despite the fact that this is the situation, you may confront presumptions from more youthful questioners since you are a more seasoned up-and-comer. You need to ensure you undermine these potential presumptions instead of play into them. For instance, have every one of your realities and arguments prepared and arranged, so you don’t show up â€Å"forgetful.† Convey eagerness for the position. Seeming to have â€Å"low energy† can represent a mark against more established occupation up-and-comers. Attempt basic things like utilizing your cell phone in the meeting to allude to takes note of this straightforward activity can impart to the questioner you are adequately tech-savvy.The actuality is, you’re likely exceptional on your references and your work aptitudes it’s simply key that you get ready to pass on them on talk with day so there’s no uncertainty you’re up to any assignment that may come your direction. Good karma!

Topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Subject - Essay Example Additionally this consideration may bring forth cash; yet it essentially may expend one’s cash and time for the good of its own. Considerations or activities in peripheral spots like â€Å"blue sky look into zone† (Frazier 54), and so on might be either productive or pointless. Contending for the significance of free, unstructured and unscheduled time in delivering something incredible, Frazier says, â€Å"Every reason filled movement we seek after in the forested areas as simply tricking around† (Frazier 54). Here, Frazier utilizes the term, â€Å"fooling around†, to allude to unscheduled and unstructured time of reasoning. For sure, Frazier, with the ‘child’ allegory in his article, needs to remind his perusers that fraternizing in the forested areas shows a kid along the way of his development to look for something valuable in the forested areas. It fundamentally tells the perusers that the advantage of intuition in free and unstructured ti me may bring forth something significant for the scholar. As far as the significance of suspecting in free and unstructured time, Nicholas Carr’s supposition likewise agrees with that of Frazier. So as to persuade his perusers, he depicts two pictures one next to the other. One is the image of Nathaniel Hawthorne sitting in the â€Å"green disconnection of Sleepy Hollow and lost himself in contemplation† (Carr 76). ... Rather than this incredible writer’s noticeable quality, the city occupants who stay occupied with their every day planned exercises pass their lives unnoticed. Alluding to some examination papers, he further says that a person’s psychological capacity and execution such thinking, seeing, retaining, and so on increment fundamentally by his consideration in free and unstructured time. Individuals, who invest their energy in a confined park or close to regular landscape, appreciate these upgraded mental capacities as opposed to the individuals who live in the midst of the commotions and clamors of the busiest road of a city. In such manner, he cites the specialists, â€Å"simple and brief collaborations with nature can deliver checked increments in subjective control† (Carr 77). Actually, Carr informs much regarding the perils of not having a lot of free and uncontrolled time in which to think than Frazier does. He cautions his perusers that the perpetual and entra ncing incitements of the Net just as of the city can be both â€Å"invigorating and inspiring† and â€Å"exhausting and distracting†. (Carr 77) The threat of these hypnotizing incitements is that â€Å"they can easily†¦overwhelm the calmer method of thought† (Carr 77). Alluding to Antonio Damasio’s look into, Carr surmises that the free and unstructured time is important for the â€Å"quieter method of thought† which itself drives the scholar to feel humanly characteristics, for example, empathy, love, compassion and different feelings. Indeed, even good choice requires a man’s examination in leisure time, as Carr cites, â€Å"For a few sorts of considerations, particularly moral dynamic about different people’s social and mental circumstances, we have to take into account satisfactory time and reflection† (Carr

How to Survive in a Banking Desert

How to Survive in a Banking Desert How to Survive in a Banking Desert How to Survive in a Banking DesertWhen people lack access to traditional banking services, it can be very hard for them to improve their long-term financial health.You’ve probably heard of food desertsâ€"low-income communities where access to healthy food and grocery stores is pretty much non-existentâ€"but did you know that many of these communities are also banking deserts?According to research done by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (among many others), the closing of bank branches post-financial crisis has left many low-income communities (especially ones populated by people of color) with little to no access to traditional banking services.In the same way that a lack of access to healthy food can negatively impact a person’s health of a community, a lack of access to banking services can harm their financial health as well.People who live in a bank desert are left with few options for affordable financial services. It’s harder for them to open a bank account, to get a loan, and to build their net worth.If you live in a banking desert, here are six things you can do to access financial services and, in some cases, improve your long-term financial health.1. Get an account with an online bank.All banks have online portals these days where you can pay bills, move money from checking to savings, etc. But with a traditional bank, you’ll still need a local bank branch for a lot of services. Online banks are different. They don’t have local branches. They are entirely online.With these banks, you can open up a checking account and receive your paycheck via direct deposit. The bank will also provide you with a debit card that you can use when making purchases. Not having a company-branded ATM can be annoyingâ€"and expensiveâ€"but most online banks have a deal with certain ATM companies where you can get the ATM fees waived, or at least reduced.Online banks also offer savings accounts, as well as a number of different investment accounts. Even if youâ €™re living on a tight budget, it’s always a good idea to start socking away money where you can.Nothing beats having a local banker that you can meet with face-to-face to discuss your finances. But if that isn’t an option for you, then having an online bank account is the next best thing.2. When all else fails, use a check cashing store.In areas without bank branches, check cashing stores are where many folks go to get basic banking services. People who don’t have a bank account (and so can’t get direct deposit) go to one of these stores to have their paychecks cashed out.And that’s not the only services these stores provide. Most of them also do bill payments, public transportation passes, wire transfers, currency exchange, and mail services. They’re a kind of one-stop-shop for basic financial services.When you get a check cashed at one of these stores, they’ll charge you a one-time fee. It’s usually a set percentage of the check amount. If you brought in a $600 ch eck and the check cashing store charges you a two percent fee, then they would hand you $588 in cash and keep $12 for themselves.Even a two percent fee is pretty high just to access money that’s already yours. But if you don’t have a bank account, or there aren’t bank-brand ATM’s in your area, it might be your best optionâ€"and it is a much better option than taking out a payday loan.What’s more: people generally seem to like check cashing stores. The fees are one-time, and most stores have their fees clearly posted. People appreciate transparency. In a  2016 article in Business Insider, University of Pennsylvania professor Lisa Servon, author of  The Unbanking of America, found that customers at check cashing stores generally reported a very high rate of satisfaction.3. Avoid payday loans.This is another service that many check cashing stores provide, but it’s one you should stay far away from.Payday loans are an extremely common type of small-dollar no credit check loa n. They have an average repayment term of only 14 days and annual percentage rates (APRs) that can reach as high as 400 percentâ€"and sometimes even higher! (They are also sometimes referred to as cash advance loans.)With their short repayment terms and high interest rates, many payday loan customers have trouble paying their loans back on time. So, instead, they roll their loan over, extending the due date in return for paying additional interest.Payday loans are often classified as a “predatory loans” because they are targeted at people with poor credit scores and low incomes. By constantly extending their payday loans, these people can easily get trapped in a never-ending cycle of debt.If you live in banking desert, there is a good chance that you are surrounded by payday lenders or other stores offering payday loan-like products. Whatever you do, steer clear of them, even if you’re running short on funds. The long-term risks of taking one out are far too great.4. Get a Sec ured Credit Card.If you live in a banking desert, the odds are fairly good that you don’t qualify for a normal credit card. And even if you can, the interest rates are probably much higher than you’d like to deal with.This is where a secured credit card can help you out. They’re a pretty good financial stop-gap, and they can help you  improve your credit score if used correctly.A loan is called a “secured” loan when it is backed by collateral. Common types of secured loans include home mortgages, which are backed by a house, and auto loans, which are backed by a motor vehicle.The same holds true for secured credit cards. In this case, the collateral is a cash deposit that also determines your credit limit. For example, if you deposit $500, then you get a $500 limit.You can use these cards to make purchases the same way you would a regular card. Just make sure you have a system set up to pay the card off regularly. The last thing you want is to be owing lots of extra money towards interest.One of the advantages of secured credit cards is that most of the card issuers will report your payment information to the credit bureaus. So the more payments you make on-time and longer you responsibly manage your credit limits, the more these positive behaviors will help raise your score. Once your score is high enough, you can graduate to a regular credit card.5. Look For a Credit Union.While there might not be a bank that has branches and local services like ATMS in your area, there very well might be a credit union. If there is, it’s a great way to get the service you need.Credit unions operate a lot like banks except that they are not-for-profit, member-based institutions. Because they  are not-for-profit, credit unions invest their profits back into the company. This allows them to offer lower interest rates on loans, higher interest rates on accounts, and lower (or non-existent) fees for their other services.And whereas a bank will pretty much accept anyo ne who wants to bank with them, so long as they clear a Chexsystems check, credit unions will not. Eligibility for membership could depend on any number of criteria. It could depend on where you live, where you work, or even what church you belong to.U.S. credit unions that belong to the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) can even offer Payday Alternative Loans, which, as the name implies, are a great way to avoid predatory bad credit loans. These loans are between $200 and $1,000, range from one to six months, cannot be rolled over, and come with much lower interest rates than regular payday loans.Do some research to see if there’s a credit union operating in your area or that you might otherwise qualify to join. Recently, a group of local leaders in Kansas City opened a credit union dedicated to serving the poor, primarily African-American population living in in the city’s urban core.6.  Use prepaid debit cardsIf you don’t have a banking account, you still want a w ay to carry around money without resorting to cash. Because while cash certainly has its benefits, the drawbacks can be pretty severe. For instance, if you are carrying cash and you get robbed, game over. That money is gone.Folks with bank accounts have it easy. They can simply have money directly deposited into the checking account and then use their debit card for purchases. But if you don’t have a banking account, this option isn’t available to you.Except that it is. Sort of. With a prepaid debit card, you can load up your cash and be on your merry way.These cards work a lot like traditional debit cards, only they aren’t tied to a checking account. You put the money on the card directly. This is why they are referred to as “prepaid” cards. By loading up the card with cash, you’ve already “paid” the card provider. They are then free to let you spend down the balance without worrying they won’t get paid back.There a couple different ways you can load money onto th ese cards. The best way is direct deposit. Just have your paycheck placed immediately and painlessly on the debit card. You can also a bank branch or ATM from the bank that has issued the card, but that won’t work in a banking desert.If you can’t do direct deposit, Find a card that allows online or mobile deposits or that has deals with generic-brand ATMs to reload the card on their machines. You should also be able to reload the card at participating retailers, maybe your local pharmacy or grocery store.One of the downsides to prepaid debit cards is fees. There can be fees for using out-of-network ATMS, activating the card, even making deposits. Some cards come with a regular monthly fee too. This is why using a prepaid debit card isn’t as good an option as having a standard card and checking account. Then again, depending on your circumstances, it still might be one of your best options available.One last thing about prepaid debit cards: They won’t help build your credit. Since you’ve already deposited the cash, your payment information won’t be reported to the credit bureaus. If you’re deciding between a prepaid debit card and a secured credit card, this is definitely a big check in favor of the secured cardâ€"so long as you pay it off on time.Living in a banking desert is hard. But if you can improve your credit score, the financial tools you’ll have access to will grow.To learn more about improving your long-term financial outlook, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Good Personal Finance for the Long Term with Tim MaurerStart Your New Year Out Right: Get a Credit Check!Want to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundDo you live in a banking desert? We want to hear about your experience!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.

Value Chains in Organisations - Free Essay Example

Introduction In this assignment Im going to show that an organisation can add value with its success and how the concept of a Value Chain can be used to asses where organisations add value and develop future strategy. According to Wright (2004), Value Chain is a traditional manner of departmentalising stages of the business process. The value chain highlights the importance of the operational manager being involved in all aspects of the process, from suppliers right trough the customer. With the value chain approach functional boundaries are ignored and in many organisations its now accepted that the operations manager has to control the whole process from buying in goods and services to the final stage of satisfying the customer. Marketing, accounting, human resources are not showing up in the value chain, but the operational manager has to be interesting and to be involved in these internal functions of the organisation as well. (Wright and Race 2004) Information technology is changing the way companies operates. According to Porter (1985), cost leadership and product differentiation can be pursued simultaneously only under rare conditions. If organisations are to achieve competitive advantage by delivering value to customers, managers need to understand which activities the undertake are especially important in creating that value and which are not (Johnson et all 2008) . The value chain concept is important to understand this describing the categories o f activities within and around an organisation, which together create a product or service. The concept was developed by Michael Porter with his book competitive advantage 1985 where the idea of value chain is based on the processe view of organisations, the idea of seeing a manufacturing or service organisation as system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformation process and outputs which involve the acquisition and consumption of resources (money, equipment, labour, land, buildings, management and administration). The primary value chain activities are: Logistics/ Inbound:the distribution of manufacturing after the raw materials are received and warehoused. Operations: the transformation process of inputs into services and finish products. Logistics/ Outbound: The warehousing and distribution of the finished goods. Marketing and sales: Placing the product on the market generating sales reaching the right people interested to buy it Service: The tool used to offer the product on the market and the service offered after the product is sold (customer service) This Primary Activities are supported by: The infrastructure of the firm: organisational structure, control system, company culture etc. Human resource management: employee recruiting, hiring, training, development and compensation. Technology development: technologies to support the value chain activity Procurement: purchasing input such as materials, supplies, and equipments. (https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) The firms margin or profit then depends on its effectiveness in performing these activities efficiently, so that the amount that the customer is willing to pay for the products exceeds the cost of the activities in the value chain. It is in these activities that a firm has the opportunity to generate superior value. A competitive advantage may be achieved by reconfiguring the value chain to provide lower cost or better differentiation. (https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) External efficiency is measured by customer satisfaction and by market share. To achieve customer satisfaction the company requires, and is depends on, the timely received goods and its services to specification by external suppliers. Is very important to have a good communication, and teamwork between suppliers at one end, and the customer at the other end of the value chain. (Wright and Race 2004) Cost advantage and Value Chain A firm maybe create a cost advantage either by reducing the cost of individual value chain activities, or by reconfiguring the value chain. Once the value chain is defined, a cost analysis can be performed by assessing the costs of the value chain activities. The cost obtained from the accounting report may need to be modified in order to allocate them properly to the value creating activity. Porter identified 10 cost drivers realting to the value chain activities: Economies of scale Learning Capacity utilisation Linkages among activities Interrelationships among business units Degree of vertical integration Timing of market entry Firms policy of cost or differentiation Geographic location Institutional factors (regulation, union activity, taxes etc.) A firm develops a cost advantage by controlling these drivers better than do the competition. A cost advantage also can be pursued by reconfiguring the value chain. Reconfiguration means structural changes such a new production process, new distribution channels, or a different sales approach. For example FedEx structurally redefined express freight service by acquiring its own planes and implementing a hub and spoke system. (https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) Differentiation and Value Chain A differentiation advantage can arise from any part of the value chain. For example procurements of inputs that are unique and widely available for competitors can create differentiation, as can distributor channels that offers high service levels. A differentiation advantage may be achieved by changing individual value chan activities to increase uniqueness in the final product, or by reconfiguring the value chain. Porter identified several drivers of uniqueness: Policies and decision Linkages among activities Timing Location Interrelationships Learning Integration Scale (eg better service as a result of large scale) Institutional factors Most of these also serve a cost drivers. There are several ways which a firm can reconfigure its value chain in order to create uniqueness. (https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/) Technologies and the Value Chain The changes in technologies can impact the competitive advantage changing and making possible new configuration of value chain. Many technologies are used in both primary value activities and support activities: Inbound Logistic Technologies Transportation Material handling Material storage Communication Testing Information systems Operations Technologies Process Materials Machine tools Material handling Packaging Maintenance Testing Building design operation Information systems Outbound Logistics Technologies Transportation Material handling Packaging Communications Information systems Service Technologies Testing Communications Information systems In order to compare value chain activities and how can be added value to a company, I chosen few international hotel chain: Hilton Worldwide Is the leading global hospitality company, spanning the lodging sector from luxurious full-service hotels and resorts to extended-stay suites and mid-priced hotels. For over 90 years Hilton has been offering business and leisure travellers the finest in accommodations, service, amenities and value. Company dedicated for the tradition of providing exceptional guest experience across its global brands distributed over a total of more than 3400 hotels in 79 countries. The company manages the world-class guest reward program called Hilton HonoursÂÂ ®, innovative technologies to enhance the guest experience. https://www.hiltonworldwide.com/aboutus/index.htm Marriott international Marriotts brands are leading in customer satisfaction and owner and franchisee preferences. Exceptional amenities. Attentive guest guest care. In-depth local knowledge set industy standards around the world. Marriott International has become the worlds leading lodging company, not only through its deiverse portfolio of global brands, but also by training and engaging the best employees (300.000) to delivery the best service. https://www.marriottdevelopment.com/ As we can see, two very big hospitality company operating worldwide are constantly trying to add value. In the service industry and especially in the hotel industry, the value is added and created from the people inputs of time, knowledge, equipments and systems to serve the hotel guests and customers. Customers in these companies can be also employees from the same organisation. The more value is created, the more people will be ready to pay the price for the service or product and the more they will keep on buying f rom the same company. Value chain analysis To understand and find out where we can create value we need to use a Value Chain Analysis. The first step for the analysis is the Activity Analysis: Where all the activities to serve the customer and to deliver the service are analysed. In this step of activities analysis we are going to collect as much information as we can from all the people involved within the organisation such us guest, employees, suppliers, business partners, travel agents and tour operators. This stage will also involve the way to recruit people with the right skills that will deliver the best service. How to keep the team motivated and informed about the performance. In the case of these featured company the KPI system (Key Performance Indicator) has been introduced to control the standard of performance that will help to get feedback from the guest to enhance the guest engagement. To conduct the Value Chain Analysis are needed up to three years of annual repors to understand and analyse how th e costing of the activities are changing and whether they are in unison with the competitive strategi of the firm. To gain knowledge about the core competence of the company, we can have a look at the company and competitor websites and SWOT analysis of both companies can be done to understand the key strengths and weaknesses of the company and how different are the firms from the direct competitor. (https://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/value-chain-analysis.php) Value analysis After few activities are identified we list the Value Factors which is the kind of service that the customer value in the way the activity is conducted. If we analyse a telephone order, the customer will value a quick answer to his/her call, a good an polite manner, efficient taking of order details with fast and knowledgeable answering of questions and a quick resolution to any problems that arise during the order. Delivering a professional service, the customer will like the correct solution based on the good options and up to date alternatives. This analysis will give us what needs to be done or changed to provide a great value for each Value factor. Evaluate changes and Plan for Action With the Value Analysis, we will generate so many ideas for increasing the value that we are going to deliver to customers Value Chain in the Hotel Industry The primary activities in the Hotel industry: Starting from the Inbound Logistics where we have all the contracts with supplier that are delivering the food and beverage, providing laundry service and other services; Back of the house storage and distribution within the hotels departments and inventory control and stock requisitions. The Operations are represented from all the procedures and processes that, with the support from all the advanced equipments and tools, will produce goods and service to offer on the market. Outbound Logistics in the hotel can be the way the services and final products are offered and distributed to the different outlets and different guests. Marketing and Sales: all the activities that are trying to get customers and people interested in the hotel for rooms, conferences, restaurants but also the promotion of the hotel with advertise and pricing considering the competitors Service in the hotel industry is crucial for its succes. The qual ity of service is created with a certain number of employees in proportion with the hotel capability and with the respective training. A good service will enhance the products value and will be crucial for the guest that will have to chose in which of the many hotels to stay. An example can be made between the company Hilton and Marriott where both can offer the same guest room, the same equipment in the room, same facilities with different price; probably the price for Hilton is more competitive but the service offered will be not at the same level as a Marriott hotel. The same room at the Marriott hotel with a nice presentation of the hotel services from the reception staff will probably an added value and the travellers will be more likely to go back where a better service is offered if the price is not much higher (value for money). Support activities in the Hotel industry The Procurement in the hotel can be the facilities offered to guest, the building, and the equipment that will support all the operations to make easy and smoothly the service. Technology Development is very important within the hospitality as it is a modern industry in constantly growth where new technologies are needed to save time and work smarter. The Propriety Management System is the most important to take into consideration which is the software to manage all the operations and share all the information with all the hotel departments in real time. The innovation and the technology are developing the hotel industry. The Firm Infrastructure is represented from the management team with the long term planning, the quality management , public affairs, finance and accounting. A good example for these two organisations can be the reservation system. If we got feedback from the customers not happy with the website for the difficulties to make the reservations or we know tha t both the company are occurring the same problem, therefore we know that if we want to add value for one of the company, we are going to find the solution to make easier the reservation system for the guests. Porter, M. E. Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, 1985, New York: Free Press Wright N. Race P. The Management of service Operations, second edition 2004, Thomson Johnson G. et all Exploring corporate strategy, eight edition, 2008, FT Prentice Hall Porter, M. E. The competitive advantage of nations,1990, New York: Free Press. https://www.netmba.com/strategy/value-chain/ https://www.marriottdevelopment.com/ https://www.hiltonworldwide.com/aboutus/index.htm https://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/value-chain-analysis.php The Value Chain and its components: The value chain is a systematic approach to examining the development of competitive advantage. It was created by M. E. Porter is his book, Competitive Advantage(1980). The chain consist of a series of activities that create and build value. The organisation is split into primary activities and support activities. Primary Activities: Here goods are received from a companys suppliers. Stored until they are needed on the production/ assembly line. These goods are moved around the organisation. Operations: This is where goods are manufactured or assembled. Individual operations could include room service in a hotel, packing of books/videos/games by an online retailer, or the final tune for a new cars engine. Outbound Logistic: The goods are now finished, and they need to be sent along the supply chain to wholesalers, retailers or the final customer.